Various changes made while offline.

 + bwrite sector argument is redundant; use b->sector.
 + reformatting of files for nicer PDF page breaks
 + distinguish between locked, unlocked inodes in type signatures
 + change FD_FILE to FD_INODE
 + move userinit (nee proc0init) to proc.c
 + move ROOTDEV to param.h
 + always parenthesize sizeof argument

 - Got rid of dummy proc[0].  Now proc[0] is init.
 - Added initcode.S to exec /init, so that /init is
   just a regular binary.
 - Moved exec out of sysfile to exec.c
 - Moved code dealing with fs guts (like struct inode)
   from sysfile.c to fs.c.  Code dealing with system call
   arguments stays in sysfile.c
 - Refactored directory routines in fs.c; should be simpler.
 - Changed iget to return *unlocked* inode structure.
   This solves the lookup-then-use race in namei
   without introducing deadlocks.
   It also enabled getting rid of the dummy proc[0].

address off the stack, so put one there for it.
(Bug was hidden by bad segment limits.)

byte in the segment, the limit argument to SEG16 and SEG
needs to have 1 subtracted from it.

some memory references aren't actually valid
and gcc is a bit too smart in parsing (%0) and
a bit too dumb in knowing which memory refs
are not valid.  Using "r" seems to constrain gcc
to use a register as in (%eax) and not substitute
a memory reference like (-36(%ebp)).

No one really understands these things.